A. Z. M. Saleh
12.00
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Bringing women into the mainstream economic
activities and ensuring equal opportunity is one of the major targets of
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as pursued by the government of Bangladesh.
However, women in Bangladesh are dominated by a patrilineal and patriarchal
kinship system, which enforces the social and economic dependency of women on
men, and prescribes the relative lower status of women. Although, there has
been steady progress in reducing gender inequality in different sectors
(education, health, employment etc.) but there exists a huge inequality in
these sectors of Bangladesh and participation of women is very low compared to
their male counterparts. Gender inequality has appeared as a major stumbling
barrier in achieving the development targets. There are also high rural-urban
variations in case of literacy rate by sex where, rural women are far behind
from their urban counterparts and male counterparts as well. Gender disparity
is significantly high in higher education (university level). Bangladesh has
achieved some progress in the health sector and has been successful in raising
the average life expectation of its population. However, the situation of
female health still remains poor. The existence of an immense inequality
between the male and female in Bangladesh as far as employment status is
concerned. However, some progresses in the recent years have been found but it
is still lower than that of expected. There are some initiatives taken by the
government to address the problems of gender inequality, yet due to several
reasons the improvement of reducing gender inequality is not satisfactory,
which are: Structural and Social Institutions, Lack of Explicit Policy
Initiatives, Preoccupied Mindset and Early Marriage. In order to achieve the
target, the government needs to be creative in renewing and revising strategies
and approaches.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Although highly educated women in Bangladesh expect to achieve gender equality, compared to highly educated men, they experience poverty in disproportionate scales. Various educational and motivational programs have been successfully working in Bangladesh. Subsequently, women have broken out the common social problems like illiteracy, early marriage, etc. For example, Bangladesh has already achieved gender parity in education levels. Many women are getting proper family support, achieve higher education, and gain more respect in family life. However, a huge number of highly educated women are not in positions that would allow them to use their education as a capital to fulfill their basic needs, and subsequently, they are leading a life which is at risk of being poor. Professional identity is not only a source of income but also a way of social interaction and social security. This paper aims to explore women’s potential poverty despite being highly educated. Potential poverty is defined as the risk of being poor.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Aggression behaviour in 160 adult Chakma tribal students was studied. The subjects were equally divided into boys
and girls. Each category was again subdivided into early adolescent and late adolescent. Age of early adolescent group ranged
from 11 to 14 years and late adolescent group ranged from 15 to 18 years. Thus, the study used a 2×2 factorial design
representing two levels of gender (boy versus girl) and two levels of stage of development (early versus late adolescence). The
measure of aggressive behaviour was administered on the sample for data collection. It was found that regardless of stage of
development, boys expressed significantly higher rates of aggression than girls. Similarly, regardless of gender, respondents at
early adolescent stage expressed significantly higher rates of aggression than the respondents at late adolescent stage.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The magnitude of intimate partner violence in Bangladesh has driven many Bangladeshi researchers to examine this social problem since the early 80’s. Although IPV is an issue both in marital and non-marital relationships, Bangladeshi researchers have focused mainly on marital relationships in exploring IPV. This paper reviews some important work by Bangladeshi researchers and notes a few patterns in the issues revealed by their work from rural vs. urban context. Notably, Bangladeshi researchers blame the patriarchal social, cultural, and family norms as the main factor behind IPV. Within this family system, the rural couples are influenced more by the religious beliefs, combined with patriarchal beliefs, when it comes to IPV. Although the urban couples have not received as much attention as the rural couples by researchers, evidence suggests equal prevalence of physical violence in both these contexts. The urban IPV victims, however, reveal suffering more in the form of psychological abuse compared to the rural victims. Micro-credit programs, effective in the rural context, are often observed to have positive consequences for the IPV victims. The overall help-seeking behavior of the IPV victims is similar both in urban and rural context. Regardless of where they are from, majority of the IPV victims prefer not to reveal their sufferings to anyone outside the families. IPV is considered to be private matter and thus dealt with by the members of the family.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: This study aimed to analyze the situation of female staff of BRAC working at field
level. Here, the study tried to find out how women were negotiating between their
traditional gender roles and the new roles offered by that organization, as well as the
gap between gender policy of the organization and the reality women were
experiencing. The study took theoretical reference of different forms of patriarchy,
gender division of labour, the public-private dichotomy, national imaginary of ideal
woman of Bangladesh, as well as the literature about the endeavor of BRAC to bring
out women from their traditional image. Qualitative techniques (In-depth interview
and informal discussion) had been used for data collection. To interpret and analyze
the content of both interviews and discussions, the technique of content analysis
was used. The findings reveal women’s experience in workplace which was
dominated by the patriarchal ideology in spite of the organization’s effort to make the
workplace women-friendly through its policies. The findings suggest that any
organization that aims to bring social change and gender relations needs to work
both at ideological and policy levels to make the policy more effective and to ensure
a women-friendly workplace.
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Gender
